Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is an important white inorganic pigment.

From a physical standpoint, it is a white solid or powder with a high refractive index, giving it excellent covering ability to effectively mask the underlying color of the coated object. Its theoretical density is approximately 3.9 - 4.2 g/cm³, and it has a very high melting point, around 1843°C. Chemically, titanium dioxide is stable and rarely reacts with other substances at room temperature. It shows good resistance in typical acidic or alkaline environments, is slightly soluble in alkalis and hot nitric acid, and can only fully dissolve in concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid under prolonged boiling conditions. It exhibits the characteristics of an amphoteric oxide, showing basic oxide properties under strong acidic conditions and acidic oxide properties under strong molten alkaline conditions.

It mainly exists in two crystal structures: anatase and rutile. Rutile titanium dioxide has superior stability and optical properties and is more widely used. It finds applications in many industrial fields such as coatings, plastics, paper, and inks. It is one of the whitest substances in the world, providing excellent whiteness and brightness.

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