Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is an important white inorganic pigment.

From a physical standpoint, it is a white solid or powder with a high refractive index, giving it excellent covering ability to effectively mask the underlying color of the coated object. Its theoretical density is approximately 3.9 - 4.2 g/cm³, and it has a high melting point of about 1843°C. Chemically, titanium dioxide is stable and almost does not react with other substances at room temperature. It shows good resistance in typical acidic and alkaline environments, is slightly soluble in alkalis and hot nitric acid, and can only completely dissolve in concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid under prolonged boiling conditions. It exhibits the characteristics of an amphoteric oxide: under strongly acidic conditions, it can show the properties of a basic oxide, and under strongly molten alkaline conditions, it can display the properties of an acidic oxide.

It mainly has two crystal structures: anatase and rutile. Rutile titanium dioxide has superior stability and optical properties, making it more widely used. It is applied in numerous industrial fields such as coatings, plastics, paper, and inks. Being one of the whitest substances in the world, it provides excellent whiteness and brightness.

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