Abstract:

This review addresses the regenerative repair challenges caused by the heterogeneity of osteochondral tissue, focusing on tissue engineering systems that combine mesenchymal stem cells with biomaterial scaffolds. It elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of biophysical signals on stem cell fate, systematically summarizes the design progress of biomimetic microenvironment scaffolds guided by mechanobiology, and achieves precise regulation of lineage-specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, providing theoretical support and design reference for layered osteochondral regeneration, especially the regenerative repair of subchondral bone.