The bacteria that produce cellulose are co-cultured with microalgae, resulting in the large-scale production of bacterial cellulose under static culture conditions. There are oxygen generation sites for photosynthetic activity in the culture medium. This symbiotic platform supports a three-dimensional cellulose structure determined by the shape of the vessels. This provides a universal method for the production of fiber-reinforced biomaterials, which has wide applications, such as engineered living materials, photobioreactors, and tissue engineering.

DOI: 10.1002/adma.202514125