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The significant efforts in developing artificial soft materials for tissue engineering scaffolds have demonstrated great potential for facial bone regeneration. However, most biological materials cannot simultaneously meet the multiple requirements of strong adhesion strength in the chewing environment, pathological immune regulation, and efficient cell-specific targeted therapy, ultimately damaging the repair process. This book introduces a tissue adhesion hydrogel containing mesenchymal stem cell-derived nanovesicles (PEG-pp@nMSC@MT), combined with inflammation regulation and cell-specific targeting, as an integrated tool for facial bone repair. By relying on the rapid amide reaction between the active ester group of PEG-SG and the amine group of PEG-NH2, a uniform network forms rapidly, is easy to inject, has good biocompatibility, and has strong adhesion, which can resist the frequent chewing forces in the oral cavity. The addition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) that can cleave peptides enables the hydrogel to respond to the increase in protease levels at the defect site, thereby releasing the encapsulated nanovesicles as needed and inhibiting excessive MMP2 activity. It is notable that therapeutic melatonin is efficiently transported to the expected BMMSCs, enhancing their osteogenic and immunomodulatory functions. In summary, the reduction of MMP2, the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors by BMMSCs, and the immunomodulatory effect of nMSC@MT synergistically promote the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, promoting bone regeneration. The therapeutic effect of PEG-pp@nMSC@MT is superior to the first-line transplantation material Bio-Oss for facial bone defects, with better biodegradability and bone induction ability. Therefore, this innovative hydrogel platform combines precise immune regulation and cell-specific targeting, becoming a promising therapeutic strategy for effectively repairing facial bone defects. This research was published in the journal Bioactive Materials under the title "MSC-mimicking nanovesicle embedded bio-adhesive hydrogel for dual immunomodulation and osteogenesis to promote maxillofacial bone regeneration"
Reference News: DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.032
