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Effective wound healing and functional bone regeneration after tooth extraction remain clinical challenges, highlighting the significant need for multifunctional strategies to address the complex, multi-stage, and transformative requirements of alveolar management. This study developed an injectable active biological therapeutic hydrogel by integrating probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CP NPs) into a photopolymerizable (ethylene glycol, PEG) matrix. After in situ injection and activation with dental blue light, the hydrogel rapidly forms a compliant, protective, and bioactive scaffold that is connected to the extraction socket. In terms of treatment, the LGG probiotic remodels the wound microenvironment through antibacterial and immunomodulatory biological activities, promoting early healing. Additionally, LGG can stimulate the release of calcium and phosphate ions by CP cells NPs, in synergy with microbial-assisted biomineralization, promoting osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. In vitro and in vivo validations confirm that this probiotic mineral biological therapeutic hydrogel integrates infection control, immune regulation, and bone induction within a single clinically deployable platform, not only serving as a transformative strategy for alveolar management after tooth extraction, but also as a paradigm for the development of living biological materials in dynamic tissue engineering applications. Innovation Points
01 "Living Factory" concept introduced into oral regeneration
For the first time, live probiotics were integrated as a functional component into the bone grafting hydrogel, utilizing their continuous metabolic activity to achieve long-term antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and mineralization-promoting effects, upgrading the traditional passive scaffold into an active biological therapeutic agent with dynamic response capabilities.
02 Multiple mechanisms of "microbe-material synergy"
It broke through the bottleneck of limited functions of a single material. A synergistic effect was formed between probiotics and calcium phosphate nanoparticles: Probiotics not only exerted biological regulatory functions themselves but also promoted the release of calcium and phosphorus ions required for bone formation by the nanoparticles; and the metabolic activities of microorganisms could induce local biomineralization and accelerate bone matrix deposition.
03 Convenient design suitable for clinical operations
Using an injectable combined with photopolymerization strategy, the hydrogel can be filled into irregularly shaped extraction sockets minimally invasively and form in situ within tens of seconds, closely adhering to the wound surface. This design fully considers the convenience requirements of oral clinical operations and improves the clinical applicability of the material.
Journal Name: Bioactive Materials
Publication Date: January 2, 2026
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.12.051 R&D Team: Jingmei Guo, Wenlong Lei, Boyi Li, Kaifeng Li, Jiyun Li, Zhuoran Wang, He Liu, Cui Huang, Ya Shen
