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This study addresses the issue that existing bone-biologic scaffolds are unable to accurately reproduce the complex hierarchical structure of human bones. A combined preparation scheme of rotational 3D printing and sponge replication was constructed to obtain a bioceramic scaffold that mimics bone. Copper was used to replace olivine and biphasic calcium phosphate composite materials to produce the bioceramic scaffold. This scaffold precisely replicates the microstructure of natural bone and possesses suitable mechanical properties, material transport capabilities, and excellent biological activity. It can induce and support osteogenesis and angiogenesis, providing a new biomimetic carrier for basic research in bone tissue engineering and laying a technical foundation for the development of in vitro bone-related models. This review focuses on the regenerative repair dilemma caused by the heterogeneity of bone-cartilage tissue, using a tissue engineering system combining mesenchymal stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds as the core. It clarifies the regulatory mechanism of biological physical signals on the fate of stem cells, systematically summarizes the progress in the design of biomimetic microenvironment scaffolds under mechanical biology guidance, and precisely regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, providing theoretical support and design references for layered bone-cartilage regeneration, especially the regeneration of subchondral bone.
01 Research Background
Biomimetic scaffolds with the characteristics of natural bone structure, excellent mechanical stability and biocompatibility are the core carriers for supporting bone tissue regeneration-related research. Currently, most bone-biologic scaffolds have technical limitations and cannot fully reproduce the complex hierarchical structure of human bones, resulting in insufficient structural simulation and functional adaptability of the scaffolds, which hinders the advancement of related research in the field of bone tissue engineering. The tendon-bone transitional tissue has a highly specialized extracellular matrix structure, with the core feature being the hierarchical arrangement of collagen and the gradient composition of minerals. This structure system can achieve stable force transmission and guide the cell phenotype of spatial organization. At present, the complex multi-scale structure and composition gradient at the tendon-bone interface cannot be precisely reproduced, becoming a key bottleneck in the regeneration and repair of soft and hard tissue interfaces, and requires the development of a biomimetic matrix construction scheme that conforms to the natural structure characteristics.
02 Main Content
The research focuses on developing a bone-biologic scaffold with high fidelity of natural bone features, using copper to replace olivine and biphasic calcium phosphate composite materials, and integrating rotational 3D printing and sponge replication technologies for scaffold preparation. The microstructure characteristics, physical transport performance, mechanical bearing characteristics and biological activity of the scaffold were systematically investigated to verify its performance in structural mimicking, mechanical adaptation, biological function and other aspects, and to clarify its application value in bone-related basic research.
03 Research Design
The design concept of this study is to use a combination of technology integration and composite material combination. The rotational 3D printing technology is used to precisely construct the macroscopic structure of the scaffold, and the sponge replication technology is used to restore the microscopic pores and hierarchical characteristics of natural bone. Copper was selected as the material to replace olivine and biphasic calcium phosphate composite materials as the forming base, and the performance of the scaffold was optimized from both the material and process dimensions. Through structural characterization, mechanical testing, and biological activity analysis, the matching degree and functional characteristics of the scaffold with human bones were comprehensively evaluated.
04 Results
The prepared bone-biologic ceramic scaffold closely matches the structure of human bones, fully presenting the natural bone features of cancellous bone, cortical bone and Haversian canals. The scaffold has a high porosity and excellent material transport capacity, and the compressive performance under axial and lateral loads is matched with human bones. At the same time, the scaffold shows good biocompatibility and has the potential to induce and support the osteogenic process and angiogenesis process.
05 Extension of Thoughts
This biomimetic scaffold can be used as an experimental carrier for basic research on large-sized bone defects. Based on its highly similar structure and functional characteristics to human bones, it can also be further applied to the construction of in vitro bone disease models, drug detection screening and other types of biomedical basic research, providing new research ideas and directions for the development of biomimetic materials in the field of bone tissue engineering.
Original Source: 1. Journal: International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
2. Publication Date: February 6, 2025
3. DOI: 10.1088/2631-7990/ada7aa
4. Authors: Shumin Pang, Dongwei Wu, Dorian A H Hanaor, Astrid Haibel, Jens Kurreck, Aleksander Gurlo
