Infectious diseases, including the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic that paralyzed the world, are emerging at an unprecedented rate and have a major impact on public health and the global economy. For many life-threatening global infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malaria and influenza, there is still a lack of effective vaccination. There are many obstacles to the development of new vaccines, including limited understanding of the immune relevance of protecting these global infections. In order to induce reproducible and strong immune responses against difficult pathogens, complex nano-vaccine technology is being studied. Compared with conventional vaccines, nano-vaccine can improve lymph node entry, optimal packaging and presentation of antigens, and induction of durable immune responses.

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In this review, Ankur Singh of the Georgia Institute of Technology provided an insight into the global trend of infectious disease nanovaccine, and described the biological, experimental, and logistical issues related to its development, and how to use immunoengineering techniques to overcome these challenges.

All pictures and texts are as follows:

How nanovaccines induce high-affinity antibody responses

Immunoengineering methods overcome the restrictions imposed by transport barriers to enter B cell follicles and the gut microbiome

 Overcoming challenges that trigger bnAb and antibody-dependent enhancement

It is worth noting that this is the third paper on nano-vaccine in a month. The previous two papers are:

Liang Xingjie from the National Nanoscience Center and Li Jinghong from Tsinghua University and others have reported a proton-driven nano-deformation-based vaccine (NTV) for cancer immunotherapy. The results were published on Nature Nanotechnology with the title "Proton-driven transformable nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy". (Click to view the in-depth interpretation of the theory of strange things: National Nano Center Liang Xingjie / Tsinghua University Academician Li Jinghong Nature Nanotech.: Nano Transformers, used for cancer immunotherapy!)

 
Another article is that Professor Liu Zhuang, Professor Peng Rui of Soochow University, Professor Cheng Yiyun of East China Normal University and others used fluorinated dendrimers and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as carriers to deliver antigens to prepare effective antigen cross-presentation Tumor nano vaccines, and hope to achieve effective post-operative immunotherapy for patients. The results were published on Nature Nanotechnology. (Click to view the in-depth interpretation of the theory of strange things: Liu Zhuang/Cheng Yiyun/Peng Rui Nature Nanotech: New progress in personalized nano-vaccine!)

references:

Singh, A. Eliciting B cell immunity against infectious diseases using nanovaccines. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2020).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-00790-3

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