The stubborn biofilm is a firmly attached structure that is closely related to drug-resistant infections and surface damage. Micro/nano robots offer a promising antibacterial membrane strategy, but due to the lack of a robust self-propelled microsystem, their effectiveness in complex microstructures is hindered. The current nanorobot synthesis methods require high technical requirements, specialized equipment, and lack scalability, limiting clinical translation. In this study, we utilized the nanoscale plasticity and reactivity of liquid metal gallium (LM Ga) to develop a universal platform for the nanoscale architecture of self-walking nanorobots, which is simple to operate and has diverse components. The asymmetrically anchored LM Ga serves as an interface electrochemical reactor for in-situ deposition of various types of hydrogen peroxidase metals or metal oxides, acting as a functional "engine". These nanorobots utilize the H-2O2 produced by the biofilm metabolism as an endogenous fuel to initiate a bio-responsive cascade reaction, starting with photothermal-enhanced oxygen generation, driving self-propulsion, and subsequently alleviating local hypoxia, reactivating the bacteria on the biofilm, and ultimately promoting the suicidal uptake of antibacterial Ga3+ through a ferric mimic mechanism. The enhanced antibacterial membrane effect has been verified in vitro and on complex dental implants. These nanorobots achieve complete removal of the biofilm without damaging the integrity of the implant surface, outperforming traditional titanium ablation treatments. This work proposes a multifunctional nanorobot manufacturing strategy and provides a fine and active approach to combat biofilms in precision medicine. This research was published in ACS Nano under the title "Liquid Metal-Enabled General Nanoarchitectonics of Self-Propelled Nanorobots with Cascaded-Enhanced Antibiofilm Efficacy".
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DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c19447