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Abstract:
Bone defects are significant challenges in the fields of plastic surgery, maxillofacial reconstruction, and orthopedic reconstruction. The existing bone grafting methods have inherent limitations, and engineered bone scaffolds are difficult to replicate the biological functions of native bones. The periosteum, as a key structure for bone regeneration, has a dual-layer characteristic that is crucial for bone integrity and repair. However, large bone defects can damage the periosteum, leading to a decline in the regenerative ability. This review focuses on the structure and function of the periosteum, the design and application of periosteum organoids, and their potential integration with bone organoids. It also elaborates on the progress and future directions of such organoids in regenerative medicine and bone repair strategies. Research Background
Large bone defects pose significant challenges to the related reconstruction field. The commonly used autologous bone and allogeneic bone transplants have shortcomings in terms of donor acquisition, related complications, and immune responses. Tissue-engineered bones, although a potential alternative, are unable to replicate the complex biological functions of native bones, resulting in limited repair effects. The periosteum is a crucial factor in regulating bone regeneration, and its unique double-layer structure is indispensable for maintaining bone integrity and the repair process. However, large bone defects can cause periosteum damage, thereby weakening its regenerative efficacy. Therefore, new bone regeneration strategies need to be developed urgently. Main Content
The review systematically explored the structural composition and biological functions of the periosteum; detailed the design concept and application scenarios of periosteum organoids; analyzed the potential integration possibilities between periosteum organoids and bone organoids; focused on summarizing the recent progress of periosteum organoids in novel regenerative medicine and bone repair-related research, and provided an outlook on the future development direction of this field.
Research Design
Based on the crucial role of the periosteum in bone regeneration and the damage issues during large defects, periosteum organoids were developed using novel organoid technology. This design integrates various natural or synthetic materials and biological-derived factors, endowing periosteum organoids with the key biological functions required for bone regeneration, including antibacterial, immune regulation, nerve regulation, angiogenesis, and osteogenic-related efficacy, to achieve optimized bone regeneration. Result
The development of osteogenic organoids provides a new technical approach to solve the problem of large bone defect repair. After integrating various materials and biological factors, they possess the core biological functions required for bone regeneration. Relevant research has made progress in the design optimization, functional verification, and potential for synergy with other organoids of osteogenic organoids, providing important references for research in the field of bone regeneration.
Thought extension
In the future, the material ratio and biological factor combination of osteogenic organoids can be further optimized to enhance their functional synergy; the integration mechanism of osteogenic organoids with bone organoids and other related biological structures can be explored to construct a system closer to the original microenvironment of bone regeneration; at the same time, the adaptability of osteogenic organoids in different types of bone defect scenarios can be expanded to provide more diverse technical support for bone regeneration research.
