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Main Content:
This study focuses on constructing citric acid-modified Prussian blue core CPB and coating it with macrophage membranes to obtain M@CPB. The system was characterized for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, membrane protein retention, stability, and enzyme-like activity. In vitro, we evaluated ROS scavenging, mitochondrial protection, anti-aging, osteogenesis promotion, macrophage polarization, and osteoclast inhibition. In vivo, we assessed bone distribution, circulation, bone microstructure, behavior, biomechanics, and safety. Proteomics and metabolomics were used to analyze the ROS-aging-inflammation-related mechanisms.
Research Design:
M@CPB was prepared by coating CPB with RAW264.7 cell membranes, then tested for SOD, CAT, POD-like activity, and RANKL and TNF-α clearance. H2O2 was used to induce aging models in MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells, and we checked aging markers, cell cycle, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP, ALP, mineralization, polarization, and TRAP. SAMP6 mice were divided into control, CPB, membrane, and M@CPB groups for Micro-CT, histology, immunofluorescence, behavior tests, three-point bending, proteomics, metabolomics, and safety evaluations.
Results:
M@CPB retains membrane proteins like CCR2, CD47, RANK, and TNFR2, showing inflammation targeting and immune evasion, enhancing bone tissue accumulation. In vitro, M@CPB scavenges ROS, protects mitochondria, reduces aging markers, restores the cell cycle, and promotes osteogenic differentiation; it also promotes macrophage M2 polarization, lowers RANKL, TNF-α, and IL-6, raises IL-10, and inhibits osteoclast and osteoblast apoptosis. In vivo, it improved trabecular microstructure, motor function, and depression-like behavior, enhanced bone mechanics, reduced aging and inflammation, and promoted RUNX2 and neural marker expression. Proteomics and metabolomics support antioxidant activity, DNA replication, and NF-κB inhibition.
Source:
Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Pub Date: 2026-07-17, DOI: 10.1186/s12951-026-04771-x; Authors: Yihan Lin, Yuyi Tian, Hao Liu, Jian Yuan, Luhong Dai, Xiaona He, Shang Zhu, Xintian Xu, Bin Liu, Lihong Liu.
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