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After spinal cord injury, neurons have limited ability to regenerate, and neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation faces challenges such as low survival rates, uncontrolled differentiation, and weak integration. We integrated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs with magnetoelectric nanoparticles to create biohybrid microrobots called NPCbots, enabling wireless magnetic navigation and non-invasive electrical stimulation. Using a chip-based lab platform, we can produce them at scale while maintaining cell viability and differentiation capacity. In a zebrafish spinal cord injury model, alternating magnetic field stimulation rapidly induced neuronal and astrocyte differentiation, enhanced graft integration, and swimming and exploratory behaviors were nearly fully restored within three days. In a completely transected non-regenerative mouse model, NPCbots targeted the injury site, promoted neural differentiation, significantly improved motor function within four weeks, and were well-tolerated for at least 28 days.
This work integrates magnetic navigation, magnetoelectric stimulation, and cell transplantation into a single microrobot, using physical fields to regulate stem cell fate instead of biochemical factors, providing a non-invasive intervention approach for spinal cord repair. In the future, the loading ratio of magnetoelectric nanoparticles and magnetic field parameters can be optimized to adapt to different injury segments and severities. The chip-based lab offers scalable production, helping address batch consistency issues in cell therapy. This platform could also be extended to other central nervous system injuries or degenerative diseases. The long-term in vivo biodistribution of magnetoelectric materials and the safety of repeated stimulation need further study, but this strategy offers a controllable physical regulation dimension for functional integration in cell therapy.
Reference:
DOI:10.1038/s41563-026-02625-3
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