Development status of battery energy storage technology

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Citation information in this article: Mei Jian, Zhang Jie, Liu Shuangyu, Qiu Luchao. Development status of battery energy storage technology[J].Zhejiang Electric Power,2020,39(03):75-81.
0 Preface
Driven by the global new energy power generation, electric vehicles and emerging energy storage industries, many types of energy storage technologies have made considerable progress in recent years. In addition to pumped water storage and cave-type compressed air energy storage technologies that have long been commercialized, battery energy storage technologies led by lithium-ion batteries have begun to have commercial application potential on the source network and load side [1-2].

Battery energy storage technology uses the conversion between electrical energy and chemical energy to realize the storage and output of electrical energy. It not only has the technical characteristics of fast response and two-way adjustment, but also has the technical advantages of strong environmental adaptability, small-scale decentralized configuration and short construction period. It breaks the traditional concept of source network load and breaks the inherent properties of the simultaneous completion of all links of power generation, transmission and distribution. It can assume different roles and play different roles on the power supply side, grid side, and user side of the power system [3-4]. As of the end of 2018, the global installed capacity of battery energy storage technology was 6,058.9 MW, of which China’s installed capacity was 1,033.7 MW, and the United States, China, and South Korea ranked the top three.

Based on the actual development of the industry, this article analyzes the main battery energy storage technology level, market applications, problems and challenges, and future development trends, and provides a multi-dimensional perspective and basic data for the development of battery energy storage technology.

1 Typical battery energy storage technology
Battery energy storage technologies mainly include lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, sodium-based batteries and other types of battery energy storage technologies, as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 Classification of commercial or demonstration battery energy storage technologies

1.1 Lead battery
Lead storage batteries used in energy storage projects include lead-acid batteries and lead-carbon batteries. The lead-carbon battery is a capacitive improvement on the anode material on the basis of the traditional lead-acid battery [5], which combines the advantages of both lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors. The addition of carbon materials prevents the sulfation of the anode. Significantly improve the cycle life of the battery. From 500 to 1,000 cycles of lead-acid batteries (60% to 70% DOD, DOD is the depth of discharge) to 3 700 to 4 200 cycles of lead-carbon batteries (60% to 70% DOD), the energy storage system investment cost 1 000~1300 yuan/kWh, the cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour is 0.5~0.7 yuan/kWh. In recent years, most of the applications of lead batteries in the field of energy storage are lead-carbon batteries with a lower cost per kilowatt-hour, especially in Jiangsu, Guangdong, Beijing and other places where industrial and commercial peak-to-valley electricity prices are relatively high. Commercial applications have been initially available. condition.

1.2 Lithium-ion battery
There are many types of lithium-ion batteries used in energy storage projects, including polymer lithium batteries, lithium manganate batteries, and lithium titanate batteries that have been put into operation in 2011-2015, as well as iron phosphate batteries and ternary batteries that have developed rapidly in recent years. Lithium batteries and cascades utilize lithium batteries. From the perspective of one-time investment cost, cycle life, and safety, lithium iron phosphate is undoubtedly the most excellent lithium-ion battery energy storage system in the field of energy storage, and it is widely used in all aspects of power system transmission and distribution[6] . Lithium iron phosphate battery has the advantages of high stability and long cycle life. It is the most popular and most used lithium-ion battery technology for domestic electric energy storage systems. The energy density of lithium iron phosphate batteries for energy storage is 120-150 Wh/kg, and the system energy The conversion efficiency is 85%～88%, the small rate charge-discharge cycle life is 3 500～5 000 times, the energy storage system investment cost is 1,600～2 000 yuan/kWh, and the electricity cost is 0.7～1.0 yuan/kWh. In recent years, affected by the decrease in the cost of lithium iron phosphate and the improvement of overall performance, this technology has been widely used in all aspects of power system transmission and distribution.

1.3 Sodium-based batteries
Sodium-based batteries used in energy storage projects include high-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries, sodium-nickel batteries, and room temperature aqueous sodium-ion batteries. Sodium-sulfur battery is a typical representative of sodium-based batteries, and is the most mature energy storage technology (350-400 ℃) developed in high-temperature operation energy storage systems. Industrial companies led by Japan‘s NGK have implemented and constructed more than 430 MW energy storage projects in Japan, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Germany, Italy, France and other countries before 2015. In September 2011, the sodium-sulfur battery (NGK product) installed in the Mitsubishi Materials Tsukuba Manufacturing Plant in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, caught fire and caused a fire that lasted for 2 weeks. Moreover, the threshold of the core technology of the solid ceramic electrolyte for sodium-sulfur batteries is too high. The core intellectual property rights are mainly controlled by a few companies such as NGK in Japan. The intellectual property rights are severely blocked, the industry is slow, and the market application has stagnated in recent years. Sodium-nickel battery is a relatively mild high-temperature battery system. Nickel chloride is used to replace the positive electrode sulfur. Industrial companies such as GE Energy Storage[7] and FIAMM Energy Storage Solutions implemented construction in the United States, Italy and other countries from 2011 to 2014. A 19 MW energy storage project. Aqueous sodium ion battery is a room temperature battery energy storage system with aqueous solution as electrolyte. Aquion Energy of the United States began to gradually promote its products to the small-capacity distributed and micro-grid energy storage market in 2013. In 2017, China Titan Energy Technology Group acquired Acquired Aquion Energy, and its business shifted to China. In recent years, driven by the emerging global energy storage market, high-safety, potentially low-cost, and environmentally friendly water-based energy storage systems have attracted attention. The water-based ion battery energy storage of China Titan Energy Technology Group and China Enli Energy Technology Co., Ltd. Products enter the market[8]. The ternary sodium-ion battery of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Sinopoly Battery Co., Ltd. have entered the critical stage of battery modules. Ningde Times New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Ruihaibo (Qingdao) Energy Technology Co., Ltd. and other industrial companies It is actively deploying water-based batteries (aqueous sodium-ion batteries, water-based zinc-lithium batteries [9]).

1.4 Ladder utilization of lithium batteries
Echelon utilization of lithium batteries mainly refers to lithium-ion batteries that are retired after a large number of electric vehicle power lithium batteries have been used to 80% of their initial capacity. After retirement, they have reutilization value in some energy storage applications through sorting, reorganization, and integration.

At present, my country‘s cascade utilization of lithium batteries is still dominated by lithium iron phosphate batteries. With the subsequent large-scale application of high energy density ternary lithium batteries, ternary lithium batteries will gradually enter the cascade utilization market. Considering that the state parameters of decommissioned lithium batteries after 80% capacity have a large dispersion and are extremely unpredictable, it is difficult to integrate the design of cascaded lithium batteries, and their applications are mostly small and distributed application scenarios, such as communication base stations Backup power supply, terminal peak shaving and valley filling, small-scale photovoltaic configuration energy storage, etc.

1.5 Other types of batteries
In addition to the above-mentioned battery energy storage technology, it also includes super capacitors, nickel-based batteries, and zinc-air batteries. Supercapacitors are power-type energy storage technology. In the application scenarios dominated by frequency modulation compatible energy storage requirements, the lower energy density and short charge and discharge time of supercapacitors limit its application in the field of energy storage [10]. Zinc-air battery is currently the only type of air battery energy storage technology used in energy storage engineering [11], typical industry companies such as EOS Energy Storage and Fluidic Energy. Zinc-air batteries are basically energy-based products with a rate greater than 2 h. According to reports, the cost of a 1 MWh energy storage system is about 200 $/kWh (about 1371 yuan/kWh), which is equivalent to a lead-carbon battery energy storage system. At present, the disadvantage of zinc-air battery is that the system design is too complicated, the product production automation is low, and the system efficiency is still low (less than 75%).

2 Technical characteristics of battery energy storage
In terms of battery energy storage technology characteristics, due to the comprehensive influence of industrial scale, system cost, energy and power characteristics, service characteristics, recyclability, etc., the current lithium-ion batteries (lithium iron phosphate and ternary lithium batteries) have outstanding advantages, and lead-carbon batteries [12] All vanadium redox flow batteries and echelon use lithium batteries are competitive in certain scenarios [13]. The service life of lead-acid batteries is too short, the one-time investment cost of lithium titanate batteries is too high, the safety of sodium-sulfur batteries is prominent, technological progress is slow, and the energy cost of supercapacitors is too high. The latter types of technologies are currently not competitive in the market.

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